G4Element.cc

Go to the documentation of this file.

//
// ********************************************************************
// * License and Disclaimer                                           *
// *                                                                  *
// * The  Geant4 software  is  copyright of the Copyright Holders  of *
// * the Geant4 Collaboration.  It is provided  under  the terms  and *
// * conditions of the Geant4 Software License,  included in the file *
// * LICENSE and available at  http://cern.ch/geant4/license .  These *
// * include a list of copyright holders.                             *
// *                                                                  *
// * Neither the authors of this software system, nor their employing *
// * institutes,nor the agencies providing financial support for this *
// * work  make  any representation or  warranty, express or implied, *
// * regarding  this  software system or assume any liability for its *
// * use.  Please see the license in the file  LICENSE  and URL above *
// * for the full disclaimer and the limitation of liability.         *
// *                                                                  *
// * This  code  implementation is the result of  the  scientific and *
// * technical work of the GEANT4 collaboration.                      *
// * By using,  copying,  modifying or  distributing the software (or *
// * any work based  on the software)  you  agree  to acknowledge its *
// * use  in  resulting  scientific  publications,  and indicate your *
// * acceptance of all terms of the Geant4 Software license.          *
// ********************************************************************
//
//
//
//....oooOO0OOooo........oooOO0OOooo........oooOO0OOooo........oooOO0OOooo......
 
// 26-06-96: Code uses operators (+=, *=, ++, -> etc.) correctly, P. Urban
// 09-07-96: new data members added by L.Urban
// 17-01-97: aesthetic rearrangement, M.Maire
// 20-01-97: Compute Tsai's formula for the rad length, M.Maire
// 21-01-97: remove mixture flag, M.Maire
// 24-01-97: ComputeIonisationParameters(). 
//           new data member: fTaul, M.Maire
// 29-01-97: Forbidden to create Element with Z<1 or N<Z, M.Maire
// 20-03-97: corrected initialization of pointers, M.Maire
// 28-04-98: atomic subshell binding energies stuff, V. Grichine  
// 09-07-98: Ionisation parameters removed from the class, M.Maire
// 16-11-98: name Subshell -> Shell; GetBindingEnergy() (mma)
// 09-03-01: assignement operator revised (mma)
// 02-05-01: check identical Z in AddIsotope (marc)
// 03-05-01: flux.precision(prec) at begin/end of operator<<
// 13-09-01: suppression of the data member fIndexInTable
// 14-09-01: fCountUse: nb of materials which use this element
// 26-02-02: fIndexInTable renewed
// 30-03-05: warning in GetElement(elementName)
// 15-11-05: GetElement(elementName, G4bool warning=true) 
// 17-10-06: Add fNaturalAbundances (V.Ivanchenko)
// 27-07-07: improve destructor (V.Ivanchenko) 
// 18-10-07: move definition of material index to ComputeDerivedQuantities (VI) 
// 25.10.11: new scheme for G4Exception  (mma)
// 05-03-12: always create isotope vector (V.Ivanchenko) 
 
//....oooOO0OOooo........oooOO0OOooo........oooOO0OOooo........oooOO0OOooo......
 
#include <iomanip>
#include <sstream>
 
#include "G4Element.hh"
#include "G4AtomicShells.hh"
#include "G4NistManager.hh"
#include "G4PhysicalConstants.hh"
#include "G4SystemOfUnits.hh"
#include "G4Log.hh"
 
G4ElementTable G4Element::theElementTable;
 
//....oooOO0OOooo........oooOO0OOooo........oooOO0OOooo........oooOO0OOooo......
 
// Constructor to Generate an element from scratch
 
G4Element::G4Element(const G4String& name, const G4String& symbol,
                     G4double zeff, G4double aeff)
  : fName(name), fSymbol(symbol)             
{
  G4int iz = G4lrint(zeff);
  if (iz < 1) {
    G4ExceptionDescription ed;
    ed << "Failed to create G4Element " << name
       << " Z= " << zeff << " < 1 !";
    G4Exception ("G4Element::G4Element()", "mat011",  FatalException, ed);
  }
  if (std::abs(zeff - iz) > perMillion) {
    G4ExceptionDescription ed;
    ed << "G4Element Warning:  " << name << " Z= " << zeff 
       << " A= " << aeff/(g/mole); 
    G4Exception("G4Element::G4Element()", "mat017", JustWarning, ed);
  }
 
  InitializePointers();
 
  fZeff   = zeff;
  fAeff   = aeff;
  fNeff   = fAeff/(g/mole);
 
  if(fNeff < 1.0)
  {
    fNeff = 1.0;
  }
 
  if (fNeff < zeff) {
    G4ExceptionDescription ed;
    ed << "Failed to create G4Element " << name
       << " with Z= " << zeff << "  N= " << fNeff 
       << "   N < Z is not allowed" << G4endl;
    G4Exception("G4Element::G4Element()", "mat012",  FatalException, ed);
  }
   
  fNbOfAtomicShells      = G4AtomicShells::GetNumberOfShells(iz);
  fAtomicShells          = new G4double[fNbOfAtomicShells];
  fNbOfShellElectrons    = new G4int[fNbOfAtomicShells];
 
  AddNaturalIsotopes();
 
  for (G4int i=0; i<fNbOfAtomicShells; ++i) 
  {
    fAtomicShells[i] = G4AtomicShells::GetBindingEnergy(iz, i);
    fNbOfShellElectrons[i] = G4AtomicShells::GetNumberOfElectrons(iz, i);
  }
  ComputeDerivedQuantities();
}
 
//....oooOO0OOooo........oooOO0OOooo........oooOO0OOooo........oooOO0OOooo......
 
// Constructor to Generate element from a List of 'nIsotopes' isotopes, added
// via AddIsotope
 
G4Element::G4Element(const G4String& name,
                     const G4String& symbol, G4int nIsotopes)
  : fName(name),fSymbol(symbol)
{
  InitializePointers();
 
  size_t n = size_t(nIsotopes);
 
  if(0 >= nIsotopes) {
    G4ExceptionDescription ed;
    ed << "Failed to create G4Element " << name
       << " <" << symbol << "> with " << nIsotopes
       << " isotopes.";
    G4Exception ("G4Element::G4Element()", "mat012",  FatalException, ed);
  } else {
    theIsotopeVector         = new G4IsotopeVector(n, nullptr);
    fRelativeAbundanceVector = new G4double[nIsotopes];
  }
}
 
//....oooOO0OOooo........oooOO0OOooo........oooOO0OOooo........oooOO0OOooo......
 
// Add an isotope to the element
 
void G4Element::AddIsotope(G4Isotope* isotope, G4double abundance)
{
  if(theIsotopeVector == nullptr)
  {
    G4ExceptionDescription ed;
    ed << "Failed to add Isotope to G4Element " << fName
       << " with Z= " << fZeff << "  N= " << fNeff;
    G4Exception ("G4Element::AddIsotope()", "mat013",  FatalException, ed);
    return;
  }
  G4int iz = isotope->GetZ();
 
  // filling ...
  if ( fNumberOfIsotopes < (G4int)theIsotopeVector->size() ) {
    // check same Z
    if (fNumberOfIsotopes==0) { fZeff = G4double(iz); }
    else if (G4double(iz) != fZeff) { 
      G4ExceptionDescription ed;
      ed << "Failed to add Isotope Z= " << iz << " to G4Element " << fName
     << " with different Z= " << fZeff << fNeff;
      G4Exception ("G4Element::AddIsotope()", "mat014",  FatalException, ed);
      return;
    }
    //Z ok   
    fRelativeAbundanceVector[fNumberOfIsotopes] = abundance;
    (*theIsotopeVector)[fNumberOfIsotopes] = isotope;
    ++fNumberOfIsotopes;
 
  } else {
    G4ExceptionDescription ed;
    ed << "Failed to add Isotope Z= " << iz << " to G4Element " << fName
       << " - more isotopes than declared.";
    G4Exception ("G4Element::AddIsotope()", "mat015",  FatalException, ed);
    return;
  }
 
  // filled.
  if ( fNumberOfIsotopes == (G4int)theIsotopeVector->size() ) {
    G4double wtSum=0.0;
    fAeff = 0.0;
    for (G4int i=0; i<fNumberOfIsotopes; ++i) {
      fAeff +=  fRelativeAbundanceVector[i]*(*theIsotopeVector)[i]->GetA();
      wtSum +=  fRelativeAbundanceVector[i];
    }
    if(wtSum > 0.0) { fAeff  /= wtSum; }
    fNeff   = fAeff/(g/mole);
 
    if(wtSum != 1.0) {
      for (G4int i=0; i<fNumberOfIsotopes; ++i) { 
    fRelativeAbundanceVector[i] /= wtSum; 
      }
    }
      
    fNbOfAtomicShells = G4AtomicShells::GetNumberOfShells(iz);
    fAtomicShells     = new G4double[fNbOfAtomicShells];
    fNbOfShellElectrons = new G4int[fNbOfAtomicShells];
 
    for (G4int j = 0; j < fNbOfAtomicShells; ++j) 
    {
      fAtomicShells[j]       = G4AtomicShells::GetBindingEnergy(iz, j);
      fNbOfShellElectrons[j] = G4AtomicShells::GetNumberOfElectrons(iz, j);
    }         
    ComputeDerivedQuantities();
  }
}
 
//....oooOO0OOooo........oooOO0OOooo........oooOO0OOooo........oooOO0OOooo......
 
void G4Element::InitializePointers()
{
  theIsotopeVector = nullptr;
  fRelativeAbundanceVector = nullptr;
  fAtomicShells = nullptr;
  fNbOfShellElectrons = nullptr;
  fIonisation = nullptr;
  fNumberOfIsotopes = 0;
  fNaturalAbundance = false;
 
  // add initialisation of all remaining members
  fZeff = 0;
  fNeff = 0;
  fAeff = 0;
  fNbOfAtomicShells = 0; 
  fIndexInTable = 0;
  fCoulomb = 0.0;
  fRadTsai = 0.0;
  fZ = 0;
}
 
//....oooOO0OOooo........oooOO0OOooo........oooOO0OOooo........oooOO0OOooo......
 
// Fake default constructor - sets only member data and allocates memory
//                            for usage restricted to object persistency
 
G4Element::G4Element( __void__& )
  : fZeff(0), fNeff(0), fAeff(0)
{
  InitializePointers();
}
 
//....oooOO0OOooo........oooOO0OOooo........oooOO0OOooo........oooOO0OOooo......
 
G4Element::~G4Element()
{
  delete theIsotopeVector;
  delete[] fRelativeAbundanceVector;
  delete[] fAtomicShells;
  delete[] fNbOfShellElectrons;
  delete fIonisation;
 
  //remove this element from theElementTable
  theElementTable[fIndexInTable] = nullptr;
}
 
//....oooOO0OOooo........oooOO0OOooo........oooOO0OOooo........oooOO0OOooo......
 
void G4Element::ComputeDerivedQuantities()
{
  // some basic functions of the atomic number
 
  // Store in table
  theElementTable.push_back(this);
  fIndexInTable = theElementTable.size() - 1;
 
  // Radiation Length
  ComputeCoulombFactor();
  ComputeLradTsaiFactor(); 
 
  // parameters for energy loss by ionisation
  delete fIonisation;
  fIonisation = new G4IonisParamElm(fZeff);
  fZ = G4lrint(fZeff);
}
 
//....oooOO0OOooo........oooOO0OOooo........oooOO0OOooo........oooOO0OOooo......
 
void G4Element::ComputeCoulombFactor()
{
  //
  //  Compute Coulomb correction factor (Phys Rev. D50 3-1 (1994) page 1254)
 
  static const G4double k1 = 0.0083 , k2 = 0.20206 ,k3 = 0.0020 , k4 = 0.0369 ;
 
  G4double az2 = (fine_structure_const*fZeff)*(fine_structure_const*fZeff);
  G4double az4 = az2 * az2;
 
  fCoulomb = (k1*az4 + k2 + 1./(1.+az2))*az2 - (k3*az4 + k4)*az4;
}
 
//....oooOO0OOooo........oooOO0OOooo........oooOO0OOooo........oooOO0OOooo......
 
void G4Element::ComputeLradTsaiFactor()
{
  //
  //  Compute Tsai's Expression for the Radiation Length
  //  (Phys Rev. D50 3-1 (1994) page 1254)
 
  static const G4double Lrad_light[]  = {5.31  , 4.79  , 4.74 ,  4.71} ;
  static const G4double Lprad_light[] = {6.144 , 5.621 , 5.805 , 5.924} ;
  
  const G4double logZ3 = G4Log(fZeff)/3.;
 
  G4double Lrad, Lprad;
  G4int iz = G4lrint(fZeff) - 1 ;
  static const G4double log184 = G4Log(184.15);
  static const G4double log1194 = G4Log(1194.);
  if (iz <= 3) { Lrad = Lrad_light[iz] ;  Lprad = Lprad_light[iz] ; }
  else { Lrad = log184 - logZ3 ; Lprad = log1194 - 2*logZ3;}
 
  fRadTsai = 4*alpha_rcl2*fZeff*(fZeff*(Lrad-fCoulomb) + Lprad); 
}
 
//....oooOO0OOooo........oooOO0OOooo........oooOO0OOooo........oooOO0OOooo......
 
void G4Element::AddNaturalIsotopes()
{
  G4int Z = G4lrint(fZeff);
  G4NistManager* nist = G4NistManager::Instance();
  G4int n = nist->GetNumberOfNistIsotopes(Z);
  G4int N0 = nist->GetNistFirstIsotopeN(Z);
 
  if(fSymbol.empty())
  {
    const std::vector<G4String> elmnames = 
      G4NistManager::Instance()->GetNistElementNames();
    if(Z < (G4int)elmnames.size()) { fSymbol = elmnames[Z]; }
    else { fSymbol = fName; }
  }
 
  fNumberOfIsotopes = 0;
  for(G4int i=0; i<n; ++i) {
    if(nist->GetIsotopeAbundance(Z, N0+i) > 0.0) { ++fNumberOfIsotopes; }
  }
  theIsotopeVector =
    new G4IsotopeVector((unsigned int) fNumberOfIsotopes, nullptr);
  fRelativeAbundanceVector = new G4double[fNumberOfIsotopes];
  G4int idx = 0;
  G4double xsum = 0.0;
  for(G4int i=0; i<n; ++i) {
    G4int N = N0 + i;
    G4double x = nist->GetIsotopeAbundance(Z, N); 
    if(x > 0.0) {
      std::ostringstream strm;
      strm << fSymbol << N;
      (*theIsotopeVector)[idx] = new G4Isotope(strm.str(), Z, N, 0.0, 0);
      fRelativeAbundanceVector[idx] = x;
      xsum += x;
      ++idx;
    }
  }
  if(xsum != 0.0 && xsum != 1.0) {
    for(G4int i=0; i<idx; ++i) { fRelativeAbundanceVector[i] /= xsum; }
  }
  fNaturalAbundance = true;
}
 
//....oooOO0OOooo........oooOO0OOooo........oooOO0OOooo........oooOO0OOooo......
 
G4double G4Element::GetAtomicShell(G4int i) const
{
  if (i<0 || i>=fNbOfAtomicShells) {
    G4ExceptionDescription ed;
    ed << "Invalid argument " << i << " in for G4Element " << fName 
       << " with Z= " << fZeff 
       << " and Nshells= " << fNbOfAtomicShells;
    G4Exception("G4Element::GetAtomicShell()", "mat016", FatalException, ed);
    return 0.0;
  }
  return fAtomicShells[i];
}
 
//....oooOO0OOooo........oooOO0OOooo........oooOO0OOooo........oooOO0OOooo......
 
G4int G4Element::GetNbOfShellElectrons(G4int i) const
{
  if (i<0 || i>=fNbOfAtomicShells) {
    G4ExceptionDescription ed;
    ed << "Invalid argument " << i << " for G4Element " << fName 
       << " with Z= " << fZeff 
       << " and Nshells= " << fNbOfAtomicShells;
    G4Exception("G4Element::GetNbOfShellElectrons()", "mat016", 
        FatalException, ed);
    return 0;
  }
  return fNbOfShellElectrons[i];
}
 
//....oooOO0OOooo........oooOO0OOooo........oooOO0OOooo........oooOO0OOooo......
 
G4ElementTable* G4Element::GetElementTable()
{
  return &theElementTable;
}
 
//....oooOO0OOooo........oooOO0OOooo........oooOO0OOooo........oooOO0OOooo......
 
size_t G4Element::GetNumberOfElements()
{
  return theElementTable.size();
}
 
//....oooOO0OOooo........oooOO0OOooo........oooOO0OOooo........oooOO0OOooo......
 
G4Element* G4Element::GetElement(const G4String& elementName, G4bool warning)
{  
  // search the element by its name
  for(auto J : theElementTable)
  {
    if(J->GetName() == elementName)
    {
      return J;
    }
  }
   
  // the element does not exist in the table
  if (warning) {
    G4cout << "\n---> warning from G4Element::GetElement(). The element: "
       << elementName << " does not exist in the table. Return NULL pointer."
       << G4endl;
  }   
  return nullptr;
}
 
//....oooOO0OOooo........oooOO0OOooo........oooOO0OOooo........oooOO0OOooo......
 
std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream& flux, const G4Element* element)
{
  std::ios::fmtflags mode = flux.flags();
  flux.setf(std::ios::fixed,std::ios::floatfield);
  G4long prec = flux.precision(3);
  
  flux
    << " Element: " << element->fName   << " (" << element->fSymbol << ")"
    << "   Z = " << std::setw(4) << std::setprecision(1) <<  element->fZeff 
    << "   N = " << std::setw(5) << std::setprecision(1) 
    <<  G4lrint(element->fNeff)
    << "   A = " << std::setw(6) << std::setprecision(3)
                 << (element->fAeff)/(g/mole) << " g/mole";
 
  for(G4int i = 0; i < element->fNumberOfIsotopes; i++)
  {
    flux << "\n         ---> " << (*(element->theIsotopeVector))[i]
         << "   abundance: " << std::setw(6) << std::setprecision(3)
         << (element->fRelativeAbundanceVector[i]) / perCent << " %";
  }
 
  flux.precision(prec);        
  flux.setf(mode,std::ios::floatfield);         
  return flux;
}
 
//....oooOO0OOooo........oooOO0OOooo........oooOO0OOooo........oooOO0OOooo......
 
 std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream& flux, const G4Element& element)
{
  flux << &element;        
  return flux;
}
 
//....oooOO0OOooo........oooOO0OOooo........oooOO0OOooo........oooOO0OOooo......
     
std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream& flux, const G4ElementTable& ElementTable)
{
  //Dump info for all known elements
  flux << "\n***** Table : Nb of elements = " << ElementTable.size() 
       << " *****\n" << G4endl;
 
  for(auto i : ElementTable)
  {
    flux << i << G4endl << G4endl;
  }
 
  return flux;
}
      
//....oooOO0OOooo........oooOO0OOooo........oooOO0OOooo........oooOO0OOooo......
 
std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream& flux, const G4ElementVector& ElementVector)
{
  //Dump info for all known elements
  flux << "\n***** Vector : Nb of elements = " << ElementVector.size()
       << " *****\n" << G4endl;
 
  for(auto i : ElementVector)
  {
    flux << i << G4endl << G4endl;
  }
 
  return flux;
}
 
//....oooOO0OOooo........oooOO0OOooo........oooOO0OOooo........oooOO0OOooo......